by choosing to “worship other gods and … serve them” is to choose the way of death—“you will surely perish.” 19–20 In the treaty texts of the ancient Near East, “the heavens and the earth” are included as deities cited to witness the treaty (see in particular PRU IV, 17.365 and 17.338; and Craigie’s discussion [1976] 139). In Deuteronomy they are not considered to be gods as such, but metaphorical “witnesses.” A person chooses to love God “by obeying his voice and by cleaving to him.” The reading
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